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Part of the syllabus for A level organic chemistry is the study of alcohols. When you come to revise this group of organic substances, it’s crucial to learn about their general structures, functional groups, chemical properties, physical properties, and reactions. Continue reading for an overview of each of these topics so that you can enter the classroom more prepared. What You...
There are several types of combustion reactions in chemistry, with the two most common being complete and incomplete combustion. The type or reaction varies depending on several factors, such as the:Type of combustible material Surface area of the material Vapour pressure Amount of oxygen Atmospheric pressureAny chemical reaction that involves oxygen as one of the reactants and produces heat...
Also known as haloalkanes and alkyl halides, halogenoalkanes are organic compounds derived from alkanes, but with one hydrogen substituted for a halogen. They’re part of a much larger category known as halocarbons. Hydrocarbons with more than one hydrogen substituted by a halogen are called halogenated hydrocarbons.Halogenoalkanes have several commercial and industrial applications. For example, these compounds are commonly used in...
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. This means that each carbon atom is single-bonded to another carbon atom. Alkanes exist in straight chain, branched (isomeric), and cyclic forms. You can use a general formula to determine the specific formulas based on the number of carbon atoms. You can also easily name alkanes using the IUPAC standards.The study of specific substances in organic...
Organic chemistry is somewhere between inorganic chemistry and biochemistry. While it focuses on carbon-based substances, it isn’t concerned with the biological processes that produce many of the organic compounds that it studies.When revising for organic chemistry as part of your chemistry A level, you’ll also need a proper foundation in inorganic chemistry. For example, you’ll need to know about both...
Many inorganic metallic compounds take the form of ions when dissolved in water (i.e. an aqueous solution). The laws that govern their reactions are similar to how compounds react, but with one important emphasis on the role of water in the reactions. In fact, their balanced equations involve water in a generalised stoichiometry form that can be written as:M represents...
The transition metals, or transition elements, are those belonging to groups 3 to 12 in the periodic table, with the exception of the lanthanides and actinides, which have their own periodicity properties. Unlike other elements, the transition metals have more complex behaviours in terms of their electron configurations, and are relatively more difficult to figure out.Many electron configurations are straightforward and...
Viscosity is the tendency of fluids, in either liquid or gas form, to resist forces that act against them. For example, if you tried to rapidly stir pure water while rapidly stirring molasses, you would find it much more difficult to stir the latter. With this in mind, viscosity can also refer to how thick a fluid is.Viscosity can either...
Period 3 elements are those in the third row of the periodic table. The way period 3 elements form oxides, and how they react with other chemicals, is related to their positions in the periodic table. Furthermore, you can compare the relative atomic radius, ionisation energy, and electron affinity of the eight period 3 elements. The period 3 elements are:Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorous Sulphur Chlorine ArgonWhat...
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