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Chemistry studies phenomena that can be precisely represented in mathematical forms and demonstrated in practical ways. For example, you can calculate the reactions between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid using the respective molar masses of the acidic and basic solutions. You can then use these calculations to obtain precise amounts of products.Like other physical sciences, chemistry is anchored on predictable...
Acid-base reactions are known as neutralisation reactions. They’re characterised by the formation of salts and water, which typically have neutral pH levels.The final products of a neutralisation reaction between an acid and a base may have a non-neutral pH level if the reactants aren’t balanced. If there’s excess acid, the solution will be acidic. Conversely, if there’s excess base, the...
In simple terms, a basic or an alkaline solution has a pH value of above 7.As you probably recall from your secondary school chemistry lessons, a base is a proton acceptor. This means it attracts the hydrogen of an acid during a neutralisation reaction. That means, according to the Brønsted-Lowry definition, a base has a negatively charged ion that accepts...
Isomerism is the molecular property of substances that have the same chemical formulas but different molecular arrangements. The molecular structures are almost identical, but in reverse. Isomers are mirror images of each other that cannot be superimposed because some of the elements are located in reversed spatial locations. This property sometimes leads to different chemical behaviours.Specifically, optical isomerism is a type...
Alcohol is one of the prehistoric chemical discoveries of humankind, with the earliest archaeological evidence of winemaking dating back to about 8,000 years ago. An analysis of pottery, pollen and chemical residues excavated from a site in Georgia suggests a Stone Age farming community there was making wine as early as 6,000 BC.Although prehistoric, Neolithic people didn’t understand the chemical...
Organic analysis is an important practical topic that you’ll learn in A level chemistry. If you’re hoping to pursue a career in chemistry, the analytical techniques that this topic will introduce you to will be a permanent part of your future profession. From analysing environmental pollutants to solving crimes, organic analysis is a crucial tool. It’s also ubiquitous in industrial and...
ReAgent Chemicals has recently registered under UK REACH to manufacture sodium formate, so you can now buy high quality sodium formate in the quantities you need by contacting us directly. As expert UK sodium formate suppliers, this article explains what sodium formate is, what it’s used for and how we manufacture sodium formate. What is Sodium Formate? Sodium formate is classified as the...
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that have double bonds shared by two carbons. This means that not all of the carbon atom bonds are connected to hydrogen atoms. Therefore, more hydrogen atoms can be added to make the hydrocarbon saturated.Alkenes can have one or more double bonds. More than one double bond may occur in longer-chains. Alkenes can also be either...
Condensation is when a substance changes from a gaseous or vapour state into a liquid state. You can think of it as the reverse of evaporation. Condensation isn’t exclusively limited to water - it can also occur in many other substances in vapour forms. However, in this article we’ll be focusing on water condensation.Condensation is a natural process that occurs...
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