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Acetic acid is an organic acid and a byproduct of sugar fermentation. It’s also known by other names, including ethanoic acid, ethylic acid, and methane carboxylic acid.Acetic acid is primarily produced by a group of Gram-negative bacteria called acetic acid bacteria (AAB). They produce acetic acid as metabolic waste from fermenting sugar or ethanol. Our bodies also make small amounts...
If you’re revising for your upcoming A level organic chemistry exam, you’ll need to have a good grasp of chromatography. Keep reading to learn what it is, how it works, and the different chromatography techniques. What is chromatography? As a scientific laboratory technique, chromatography is the separation of the components of a mixture, which usually have different colours.Originally developed by German scientists...
In our latest A level chemistry revision guide, we take a look at Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Read on to find out more about this important analytical technique so you can enter the exam room better prepared. Introduction to NMR spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to determine the chemical structure of a compound. It provides both qualitative and...
Phosphoric acid is a colourless, odourless and crystalline liquid that contains the element phosphorus, and is found in many sugary carbonated beverages or soft drinks.As well as contributing to the tangy flavour, it stops the reproduction of bacteria and mould that may contaminate the beverage during manufacturing, packaging, transportation, and storage.Phosphoric acid can be a source of dietary phosphorus, which,...
Potassium permanganate is a purple-coloured crystalline salt that has important industrial, laboratory and medical applications.It’s also commonly known as chameleon mineral, Condy's crystals, permanganate of potash, although its IUPAC name is potassium manganate(VII).The discovery of potassium permanganate can be traced back to Rudolf Glauber who, in 1659, produced potassium manganate (K2MnO4) from the mixture of pyrolusite (manganese dioxide) and potassium...
If you’re preparing for your A Level organic chemistry exam, you’ll need to have a good understanding of organic synthesis. This includes learning about the different types of synthesis and the methodology involved. Read on to find out more. Organic synthesis: an introduction The artificial synthesis of organic compounds is a specialised field of chemistry that focuses on the design and assembly...
A standard solution is a solution of a known concentration that’s been prepared from a primary standard (a pure, soluble substance with a high molar mass).Standard solutions are used in analytical chemistry to compare the concentration of solutions, determine the composition or rule out the presence of certain substances. They’re commonly used in laboratory experiments such as titration, as well...
The A level organic chemistry syllabus includes the study of amino acids, proteins and DNA. To help you prepare for your exam, we’ve put together a summary of the key points you need to revise. A brief timeline The relationship between amino acids, proteins and DNA is a relatively recent discovery. It wasn’t until 1944 that the link between heredity and DNA...
If you’re revising for your A level organic chemistry exam, you’ll need to have a good grasp of how polymers are formed, as well as the different categories of polymers. To help you prepare, we’ve put together an overview of the key points. Introduction to polymers The English word ‘polymer’ originates from ancient Greek. It’s a combination of the prefix ‘pulu-’ (meaning...
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